Tuesday, 22 April 2014
1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat
Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
02
He asked me, "why do you come late."
He asked me why I came late.
03
He ordered me, "don't bring a bag."
He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.
Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
They asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?"
They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
02
He asked me, "Does she want to mary me?"
He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He asked me, "why do you come late?"
He asked me why you came late.
02
He asked me, "what does she eat?"
He asked me what she ate.
03
He asked me, "when did you come?"
He asked me when I came.
04
He asked me, "who are you?"
He asked me who I was.
05
He asked me, "who is she?"
He asked me who she was.
2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)
Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.
Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
Simple Present
Simple Past
02
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
03
Present Future
Past Future
04
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
05
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
06
Simple Past
Past Perfect
07
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
V1 (eat)
V2 (ate)
02
V2 (ate)
Had + V3 (had eaten)
03
Am/is/are
Was/were
04
Do/does
Did
05
Do/does not
Did not
06
Did not
Had not + V3
07
Was/were
Had been
08
Am/is/are + V-ing
Was/were + V-ing
09
Was/were +V-ing
Had been + V-ing
10
Has/have + V3
Had + V3
11
Will/shall/can/may/must
Would/should/could/might/had to
12
Could/might/should/would + V1/be
Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been
3. Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).
Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He said, ‘I am busy.’
He said that he was busy.
02
She said, ‘I am unwell.’
She said that she was unwell.
03
I said, ‘I will be late.’
I said that I would be late.
04
They said, ‘We will not permit this.’
They said that they would not permit that.
05
We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’
We said that we needed to buy some clothes.
Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’
He told me that I had to go with him.
02
She said to me, ‘You can go.’
She told me that I could go.
03
She said to him, ‘You can go.’
She told him that he could go.
Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He said, ‘She is a good girl.’
He said that she was a good girl.
02
She said, ‘They have invited us.’
She said that they had invited them.
03
They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’
They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.
4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
Now
Then
02
To day
That day
03
Tomorrow
The next day
The day after
The following day
A day later
04
Next ...
The ... after
The following ...
05
Last ...
The ... before
The Previous ...
06
... ago
... before
... earlier
07
Yesterday
The day before
The previous day
The preceeding day
08
The day before yesterday
Two day before
09
Here
There
10
This
That
11
These
Those
Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
(+)
He said, “I have a present for you in my bag.here”
He said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
(-)
He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag”
He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
(?)
He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?”
He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.
(?)
He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?
He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
(!)
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!”
He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.
(!)
He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”
He ordered me not to bring my bag there.
http://www.belajarbahasainggris.us/2012/04/penjelasan-direct-dan-indirect-speech.html
Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
02
He asked me, "why do you come late."
He asked me why I came late.
03
He ordered me, "don't bring a bag."
He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.
Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
They asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?"
They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
02
He asked me, "Does she want to mary me?"
He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He asked me, "why do you come late?"
He asked me why you came late.
02
He asked me, "what does she eat?"
He asked me what she ate.
03
He asked me, "when did you come?"
He asked me when I came.
04
He asked me, "who are you?"
He asked me who I was.
05
He asked me, "who is she?"
He asked me who she was.
2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)
Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.
Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
Simple Present
Simple Past
02
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
03
Present Future
Past Future
04
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
05
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
06
Simple Past
Past Perfect
07
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
V1 (eat)
V2 (ate)
02
V2 (ate)
Had + V3 (had eaten)
03
Am/is/are
Was/were
04
Do/does
Did
05
Do/does not
Did not
06
Did not
Had not + V3
07
Was/were
Had been
08
Am/is/are + V-ing
Was/were + V-ing
09
Was/were +V-ing
Had been + V-ing
10
Has/have + V3
Had + V3
11
Will/shall/can/may/must
Would/should/could/might/had to
12
Could/might/should/would + V1/be
Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been
3. Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).
Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He said, ‘I am busy.’
He said that he was busy.
02
She said, ‘I am unwell.’
She said that she was unwell.
03
I said, ‘I will be late.’
I said that I would be late.
04
They said, ‘We will not permit this.’
They said that they would not permit that.
05
We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’
We said that we needed to buy some clothes.
Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’
He told me that I had to go with him.
02
She said to me, ‘You can go.’
She told me that I could go.
03
She said to him, ‘You can go.’
She told him that he could go.
Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He said, ‘She is a good girl.’
He said that she was a good girl.
02
She said, ‘They have invited us.’
She said that they had invited them.
03
They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’
They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.
4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
Now
Then
02
To day
That day
03
Tomorrow
The next day
The day after
The following day
A day later
04
Next ...
The ... after
The following ...
05
Last ...
The ... before
The Previous ...
06
... ago
... before
... earlier
07
Yesterday
The day before
The previous day
The preceeding day
08
The day before yesterday
Two day before
09
Here
There
10
This
That
11
These
Those
Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
(+)
He said, “I have a present for you in my bag.here”
He said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
(-)
He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag”
He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
(?)
He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?”
He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.
(?)
He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?
He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
(!)
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!”
He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.
(!)
He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”
He ordered me not to bring my bag there.
http://www.belajarbahasainggris.us/2012/04/penjelasan-direct-dan-indirect-speech.html
